NFE2L2 and Parkinson disease: In mice, Nrf2 activity is strongly increased in the substantia nigra in response to Parkinson’s disease-related toxins including 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) [24,52,53,54], 6-hydroxydopamine [55] or mutated α-synuclein [20], although rotenone decreases Nrf2 activity in rats [56].