CD38 and acute myeloid leukemia: Finally, we assessed the effect of IL4 on CD34+CD38− AML and NBM cells (Figure 7f), enriched for LSCs and normal hematopoietic stem cells, respectively.25, 26 We found that IL4 inhibited the growth and survival of AML CD34+CD38− cells in four out of six samples, whereas a milder effect of IL4 was detected on corresponding NBM samples (Figure 7g).