Specifically, the main canonical pathways and biological functions, predicted by IPA, as activated in GLCM and inactivated in GFAM and LACM&GFAM were cardiac hypertrophy and related pathways/biological functions, including JAK/Stat, mTOR, Endothelin-1, Phospholipase C, TGF-β, actin cytoskeleton and integrin signaling, formation of actin stress fibers, angiogenesis and fibrogenesis (Fig. 4G)51–53. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.