FOXO3 and neoplasm: It was demonstrated in several human tumor cell lines cells that FOXO3 (but interestingly neither FOXO1 nor FOXO4) stimulates the transcription of the Keap-1 gene [52], regulating Keap-1 protein levels (Fig. 6); of note, this FOXO3/Keap axis appears to exist in human but not murine cells [52].