CXCL1 and infection: However, CXCL1 and CXCL2 as well as IL-1β upon E. histolytica infection were significantly higher in antibiotic pre-treated mice compared to untreated control mice, indicating that increased susceptibility to infection was not due to poor recognition of PAMPs nor DAMPs [29] but instead due to failure of neutrophil response to chemokines.