TNF and gastric neoplasm: Firstly, we found a significantly increased TNF-α production (Figure 2b) as well as a positive correlation between CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset and TNF-α within gastric tumors (Figure 2b); next, to evaluate the potential role of TNF-α in CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset induction, we co-cultured TNF-α and purified-Tregs, and found that TNF-α significantly increased the frequency of CD45RA−CCR7− Treg subset whereas inhibited CD45RA−CCR7+ Treg subset (Figure 2c).