TLR4 and Sepsis: Activation of immunity induced by xylene is dependent on TLR4, where prolonged inflammatory responsiveness can induce systemic inflammatory syndromes, such as edema and sepsis.41 In the present study, TTN suppressed xylene-induced ear edema (Figures 7a, c–f), indicating that TTN could attenuate acute inflammation by inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.