This possibility is supported by recent study demonstrating that deficiency of LAMP2 in mice resulted in a defect of autophagosome–lysosomal fusion, subsequent accumulation of autophagosomes in the muscles, and cardiomyopathy.35 In addition, the impairment of autophagosome and lysosome fusion contributes to the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles containing substrates such us toxic aggregate.36 These data further support our conclusion of autophagy blockade at autophagsome-lysosomal fusion stage. The gene discussed is LAMP2; the disease is cardiomyopathy.