Particularly in the retina, IRE1/TNF receptor-associated factor-2 (TRAF2)/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1)/c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP can elicit several AMD-related pathways via the induction of VEGF, CHOP, caspase 4, and NF-κB [87]. Here, MAP3K5 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.