Consistent with the results found in our rat PJI model, we showed that treatment of BMCs with S. aureus biofilm in our in vitro system stimulated the expansions of MDSCs (CD11b+Gr1+), total macrophages (F4/80+) and M2-macrophages (F4/80+CD206+) (Fig 3). Here, ITGAM is linked to juvenile polyposis syndrome.