PPP1R3A and cognition: For instance, Rb1 and Rg1 demonstrated in vivo anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects via restoration of redox homeostasis and inhibition of neuronal apoptosis [18]; also, they ameliorated cognition-deficiency in mice with dementia, with enhancement of acetylcholine in hippocampus [19] Regarding PD models, Rg1 displayed in vivo protection against MPTP-induced apoptosis in the substantia nigra [20], and both Rb1 and Rg1 preserved structure and function of dopaminergic neurons from MPP+ damage due to their antioxidant properties [21].