The researchers also found that the levels of OPN could be increased, which were antagonized by the addition of various chemical agents in PI3K/AKT pathway, during endogenous secretion of OPN in the prostate cancer cells line.4,16,17 Most of the studies which have demonstrated findings associated with resistance to CTs are mainly cell culture studies rather than definitive clinical studies. The gene discussed is SPP1; the disease is prostate cancer.