Our data showed that infection with PtpA-expressing BCG can promote proliferation and migration of A549 cells, partially through targeting GADD45A. We also noticed that several potential PtpA-targeted ncRNA genes (such as miR-488, CASC2, and miR-622) are involved in tumor progression through regulating cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration55–57. Here, GADD45A is linked to infection.