Collectively, these data provide strong support for the concept that certain HIV-mediated immunologic perturbations (e.g., low CD4/CD8 ratio, shift towards more differentiated memory cell types, high PD-1 expression) do indeed persist indefinitely during ART, while other markers more typically associated with terminal differentiation and senescence may normalize, at least compared to levels observed in well-matched persons who lack HIV but have other risk factors, particularly CMV infection. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and cytomegalovirus infection.