INS and hypertensive disorder: This would be a reason why hypertension is frequently observed in type 2 DM: i.e., insulin could elevate ENaC-mediated Na+ reabsorption in the kidney, overloading body fluid volume even under conditions with insulin resistance, since insulin resistance might not be observed in the kidney due to the normal interstitial fluid pH, unlike the lowered interstitial fluid pH that is found around muscles and adipocytes.