DSS-induced colitis lacks involvement of the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of the inflammation [24]; however, gut macrophages are thought to be main mediators because gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a macrophage selective inhibitor, ameliorated the mucosal damage by suppressing DSS-induced macrophage-derived cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα) [51]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is colitis.