Phyto-oestrogens have been hypothesised to ameliorate glucose metabolism andprevent type 2 diabetes by decreasing the activity of key enzymes related to blood glucoseand HbA1c levels (including hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase, fatty acid synthase, β-oxidation and carnitinepalmitoyltransferase) and activating the PPAR gene expression pathway(49). Here, PPARA is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.