CLCN1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: We have chosen to exclude these subjects because a direct or indirect involvement of ClC-1 has been demonstrated in hereditary conditions, such as in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (De Luca et al., 2003) or during muscle atrophy/wasting due to aging, cachexia and/or denervation (Pierno et al., 2007).