BDNF and congenital rubella syndrome: In the IL, Tukey’s post hoc test showed that, the levels of BDNF (F3,20 = 11.673, p < 0.05), pTrkB (F3,20 = 10.696, p < 0.05), and pERK1/2 (F3,20 = 15.184, p < 0.05) were elevated in PCMS-exposed rats compared with the control group and the opposite trend of these proteins expression were found in CRS- and CUS-exposed rats, whereas no differences were found in the levels of TrkB and ERK1/2 among all groups (Fig. 2b).