Moreover, mRNA levels of pro-survival costimulatory molecules OX-40 and 4-1BB, and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL (B-cell lymphoma-extra large) were enhanced on day 17 as well, suggesting that Grail could control the survival of CTLs infiltrated into the tumours and thus result in the accumulation of this subset within the tumour (Supplementary Fig. 4c). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF4 and neoplasm.