TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: An increased frequency of EpCam+ cells producing TNF-α was found in IBD mucosa compared to healthy colonic tissues (CD: median 0.7, range 0.3–2.4%; UC: 0.8, 0.5–1.1%; HC: 0.3, 0.1–0.61%; p<0.02, UC vs HC and p<0.05, CD vs HC), indicating that enterocytes are a source of proinflammatory TNF-α in colonic tissues of young patients with IBD, Fig 4A and 4B.