PKN1 and prostate adenocarcinoma: PKN1 has important roles in cell migration and invasion in various adherent cell lines, including prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines, such as PC-3 and LNCaP stimulated by thromboxane and androgen49–51, androgen-independent prostate tumour cell lines, such as PC-3M-luc2 and Du14552, the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-23152, the bladder tumour cell line 563753, and human aortic smooth muscle cells stimulated by monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-154.