In a RHE model, IL-4, IL-13 (30 ng/ml each), and TNF-α (3.5 ng/ml) were further combined to IL-31 (15 ng/ml), a pruritus-related cytokine, and this cocktail induced AD-like features such as decreased expression of epidermal differentiation proteins like FLG and LOR, spongiosis, increased secretion of TSLP, and alterations of barrier properties that concern lipids (89). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.