Currently, GM-CSF-differentiated monocyte-derived DCs are the APC ofchoice for ex vivo priming and expansion of T cells against defined orundefined tumour antigens in the clinic.45 However, the inconsistent results with mo-DCs isnecessitating re-examination of the use of patient blood DCs,42 despite their comprising <1% ofhuman PBMCs.46 B cells possess many ofthe same biological attributes as DC, including high MHC expression andantigen-specific T-cell-regulating cytokine profiles. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.