TNF and Parkinson disease: More recently, using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse PD model, a study has shown that 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) downregulates mir-7116-5p in microglia and potentiates TNF-α production and inflammatory responses leading to DA neuron damage (He et al., 2017).