Given that activation of glial cells in AD and in AD mouse models may be initiated by Aβ peptides [140], it is possible that reduced gliosis in perinatally choline-supplemented APP.PS1 mice is secondary to the amelioration of the amyloidosis seen in these animals although it is also possible that high choline intake during development may have long-term anti-inflammatory actions in brain. Here, APP is linked to Alzheimer disease.