α-SMA+ fractional area was increased in alveolar parenchyma in both FA (14.7 ± 2.8% of tissue area) and NFA (13.0 ± 1.2%), compared with NAC (7.4 ± 2.4%), p < 0.05 The difference was greater in upper lobes compared with lower lobes (p < 0.01) in both asthma groups. The gene discussed is ACTA1; the disease is asthma.