The study had 3 hypotheses: (1) PMP levels are higher in patients with AF compared to levels in both disease control subjects (i.e., patients with diabetes or stroke, CAD, or hypertension who are in sinus rhythm) and healthy control subjects (i.e., patients without cardiovascular diseases who are in sinus rhythm); (2) PMP levels correlate with levels of soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) which is a platelet activation marker; (3) in patients with AF, PMP levels are related to the underlying factors that contribute to the comprehensive risk of stroke secondary to AF. Here, SELP is linked to Stroke.