A subgroup of 382 patients, who were selected from 36 centers with AF in their history but in sinus rhythm at randomization, was enrolled in the GISSI-AF biohumoral study that investigated the association between the plasma concentrations of pentraxin-3 (PTX3), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the echocardiographic findings, and the time of the first return of AF [13]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and atrial fibrillation.