Figure 2(b) shows a representative example of an in-cell Western assay used for the relative quantification of the NQO1 protein content in monocytes. Measurements were performed in triplicate for each subject.  Figure 2(c) depicts the summary data for all in-cell Western analyses. The NOQ1 protein content showed a 1.1-fold increase in CKD 1–5 patients compared to healthy controls (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.06). In CKD 5D, the NQO1 protein content was not different from control subjects (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.72). Here, NQO1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.