Thus, Ti-TLS B cells, plasma cells, and the locally secreted antibodies impact T cell functions, increasing or down-modulating anti-tumor immune response through their capacity to generate IC, to produce Th cell polarizing cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, or IL-13 or immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, and to express ligands for stimulatory or inhibitory immune checkpoints. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.