MTOR and cardiac hypertrophy: Rapamycin attenuated cardiac hypertrophy mainly by three pathways (a) AKT/mTOR/S6 kinase signaling, which is important in the regulation of protein synthesis[44, 48], (b) promoting autophagy through a mechanism involving the modulation of Noxa and Beclin-1 expression by the MEK/ERK signaling pathway[49] or (c) inhibiting NF-κB activation[50].