SERPINE1 and endothelial dysfunction: Industrially produced trans-fatty acids may induce endothelial dysfunction as assessed by flow-mediated vasodilatation and the upregulation of proinflammatory molecules production [36]; hence, the activation of proinflammatory cytokines implicates the link between vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis development, and thrombosis process, including rise in PAI-1 expression [33, 36].