In rodents, no serum CN1 is present and carnosine supplementation of diabetic mice increases serum and tissue carnosine levels and mitigates DN, reduces renal vasculopathy21, normalizes vascular permeability21, improves wound healing22 and decreases insulin growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP1) production through suppression of HIF-1α, and improves glucose homeostasis.23 This evidence concerns the gene CNDP1 and liver dysplastic nodule.