CCL4 and malaria: Moreover, post mortem MIP-1β/CCL4, IL-8/CXCL8, and IP-10/CXCL10 levels were significantly elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of fatal P. falciparum-induced CM cases when compared to fatal severe malarial anemia cases and non-malaria deaths (Armah et al., 2007).