TNF and Sepsis: This may be partly due to the fact that (i) circulating soluble biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and IL-6 indicating pro-inflammation have been readily accessible for many years and have been studied extensively [5], and (ii) it has only recently been shown that both pro- and anti-inflammatory activity occur concomitantly during sepsis [6].