TNF and Sepsis: In patients with sepsis or septic shock (group B) TNFα concentration was lowest and with 128 pg/mL (IQR 58–304 pg/mL) 3.7-fold lower than in the post-surgical group with 476 pg/mL (IQR: 327–727 pg/mL; P<0.05; group A, Fig 3).