In combination with SM, neutrophil-derived TNF potently induced apoptosis.28 Additionally, oncolytic viruses synergized with SM in a TNF-dependent manner to promote tumor death in mouse models of breast cancer and glioblastoma.29, 30 Cyto- and chemokine upregulation in response to microbial invaders is stringently controlled and usually self-limiting. Here, TNF is linked to glioblastoma.