This is in sharp contrast to generally conceived roles of Uev1A in tumorigenesis, as previous studies assign UEV1A as a putative proto-oncogene.22, 45 This is primarily because the Ubc13–Uev1A complex is required for the innate immunity by sensing and activating NF-κB20, 46, 47 and possibly other signaling pathways,48 and a constitutive UEV1A overexpression has been associated with tumorigenesis in several types of cancers. This evidence concerns the gene UBE2N and cancer.