SERPINF1 and cancer: Although previous studies revealed the anti-tumor effects of PEDF in different tumor cells,32, 33, 34 recent results have shown that PEDF is overexpressed in most human hepatoma cell lines and HCC tissues, and that it is more abundant in serum samples from patients with HCC than form normal controls.14, 17 It has also been shown that PEDF is upregulated in melanocytic tumors.13 Together with our results, these findings indicate that PEDF may have opposing roles in the development and progression of cancer due to organ- or tissue-specific differences.