More importantly, we discovered that CTLs restricted by HLA-A alleles, in particular HLA-A*03, express significantly higher levels of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) compared with CTLs restricted by HLA-B alleles and become suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and, thus, are associated with bad disease outcome in the context of HIV-1 infection (22) (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene HLA-A and HIV-1 infection.