Specifically, it has been shown that deficiency in TLR2 or TLR4 results in diminishing inflammation in the prominent mouse models of atherosclerosis [apolipoprotein E (ApoE)- and LDL receptor-deficient mice; (Michelsen et al., 2004; Mullick et al., 2005, 2008; Higashimori et al., 2011)]. This evidence concerns the gene APOE and atherosclerosis.