Circulating or tissue levels of TGF-β1 are elevated in human hepatic (Nagy et al., 1991), renal (Ketteler et al., 1994), and pulmonary fibrosis (Molina-Molina et al., 2006), as well as during cardiac failure (Khan et al., 2014). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary fibrosis.