TNF and Parkinson disease: Earlier studies found an increase in the levels of cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), TNFα and TGF-β, in CSF from relatively small cohorts of PD patients (Mogi et al., 1994b, 1995, 1996; Blum-Degen et al., 1995; Vawter et al., 1996; Müller et al., 1998).