VEGFA and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: In addition, several factors that affect either lung vessel formation (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) or pulmonary vascular smooth muscle relaxation after birth (endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1, ELAM-1, VCAM-1, thromboxane B2, endothelin-1, monocyte chemotactic factor 1) are abnormally regulated in CDH patients (Bos et al., 1990; Fleck et al., 2013; Keller et al., 2010; Kobayashi et al., 2004; Nakayama et al., 1992; Okawada et al., 2007; Patel et al., 2015; Shehata et al., 1999).