PTGDS and urothelial carcinoma: Elevated prostaglandin A2 (P = 0.002), B2 (P = 0.025), E1 (P = 0.004), E2 (P = 0.0066) (PGA2, PGB2, PGE1, PGE2, respectively), and thromboxane B2 (P = 0.002) occur in MIBC in contrast to both normal urothelium and NMIBC (Fig. 6), whereas PGD2, PGI2, and 6‐keto prostaglandin F1alpha were significantly decreased in urothelial carcinoma in contrast to normal urothelium (data not shown).