Nevertheless, the current study demonstrates that An. dirus express and mount TEP1 and NOS immune responses towards P. berghei infection, similar to the other Anopheles. Although the use of a rodent malaria parasite model does not necessarily reflect the temperature dependencies of the human malarias and their actual interactions with Anopheles, it is useful for preliminary identification and characterization of immune responses in the mosquito (Jaramillo-Gutierrez et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene TEP1 and malaria.