TNF and tuberculosis: We next performed multiparametric statistical analysis to investigate the potential associations between the four major represented Mtb-specific CD4 T-cell populations i. e. triple IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α, dual IFN-γ/TNF-α, single IFN-γ and single IL-4/5/13 Mtb-specific CD4 T cells, the levels of cytokine detected in Mtb-stimulated culture supernatants, i. e. IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the percentages of memory CD4 T cells expressing Gata-3 or T-bethigh, and the serum levels of IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-12p70, IFN-β and IL-23 in TB patients from SA and TZ (Fig 5C).