Even if, on the date of sampling and in the 30 days before sample collection, antibiotic administration through an IV route was not given to our patients, we can hypothesize that patients with severe lung disease, having an average higher age than those from the normal/mild group, experienced several years of exposure to antimicrobial drugs, leading to periodic selection for an AR microbiota and resulting in a higher frequency and diversity of AR genes in their lung microbiota. The gene discussed is AR; the disease is lung disorder.