SERPINE1 and preeclampsia: Hyperglycemia inhibits the expression of uPA and PAI-1 by the induction of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) stress signaling pathways, which are different from the PAI-1 levels induced during preeclampsia [107].