At present, clinical trials of anti-TGF-β antibodies and TGF-β receptor inhibitors have been performed for a numbers of cancers, such as renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, glioma, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma and ovarian cancers24, 33. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.