HMGA1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: This group also described variants in the HMGA1 gene that associate in excess with type 2 diabetes (Chiefari et al., 2011) however this association has been effectively refuted (Marquez et al., 2012; Froguel et al., 2012), so that a role for HMGA1 in human type 2 diabetes remains unsubstantiated.