HMGA2 and cancer: It is worth noting that the human genes encoding major elements of the tumor promoting pathway described herein, that is, HMGA2, IMP2, Grb14, IGF2, have each been found by GWAS to encode SNPs that are associated with excess risk for type 2 diabetes (Flannick and Florez, 2016), a condition accompanied by increased risk for many cancers (Giovannucci et al., 2010; García-Jiménez et al., 2016).